October 28, 2015, Introduced by Reps. Forlini, Lane, Franz and Glenn and referred to the Committee on Communications and Technology.
A bill to provide for fiduciary access to digital assets; and
to provide for the powers and procedures of the court that has
jurisdiction over these matters.
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN ENACT:
Sec. 1. This act shall be known and may be cited as the
"fiduciary access to digital assets act".
Sec. 2. As used in this act:
(a) "Account" means an arrangement under a terms-of-service
agreement in which the digital custodian carries, maintains,
processes, receives, or stores a digital asset of the user or
provides goods or services to the user.
(b) "Agent" means an attorney-in-fact granted authority under
a durable or nondurable power of attorney.
(c) "Carries" means engaging in the transmission of an
electronic communication.
(d) "Catalogue of electronic communications" means information
that identifies each person with which a user has had an electronic
communication, the time and date of the communication, and the
electronic address of the person.
(e) "Conservator" means a person that is appointed by a court
to manage all or part of the estate of a protected person or a
parent for the parent's minor child if no conservator, plenary
guardian, or partial guardian has been appointed for the minor
child. Conservator includes, but is not limited to, any of the
following:
(i) A conservator as that term is defined in section 1103 of
the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL
700.1103.
(ii) A plenary guardian as that term is defined in section 600
of the mental health code, 1974 PA 258, MCL 330.1600.
(iii) A partial guardian as that term is defined in section
600 of the mental health code, 1974 PA 258, MCL 330.1600.
(iv) A special fiduciary appointed to take possession of and
administer a protected person's property.
(v) A special conservator appointed under section 5408 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.5408.
(vi) A guardian if no conservator has been appointed.
(f) "Content of an electronic communication" means information
concerning the substance or meaning of an electronic communication
to which all of the following apply:
(i) The information has been sent or received by a user.
(ii) The information is in electronic storage by a digital
custodian providing an electronic communication service to the
public or is carried or maintained by a digital custodian providing
a remote-computing service to the public.
(iii) The information is not readily accessible to the public.
(g) "Court" means the probate court or, when applicable, the
circuit court.
(h) "Designated recipient" means a person chosen by a user
using an online tool to administer digital assets of the user.
(i) "Developmental disability" means that term as defined in
section 100a of the mental health code, 1974 PA 258, MCL 330.1100a.
(j) "Digital asset" means an electronic record in which a user
has a right or interest. Digital asset does not include an
underlying asset or liability unless the asset or liability is
itself an electronic record.
(k) "Digital custodian" means a person that carries,
maintains, processes, receives, or stores a digital asset of a
user.
(l) "Electronic" means relating to technology having
electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic,
or similar capabilities.
(m) "Electronic communication" means that term as defined in
18 USC 2510.
(n) "Electronic communication service" means a digital
custodian that provides to a user the ability to send or receive an
electronic communication.
(o) "Electronic communication system" means that term as
defined in 18 USC 2510.
(p) "Fiduciary" means a person who is an original, additional,
or successor personal representative, conservator, agent, or
trustee.
(q) "Guardian" means that term as defined in section 1104 of
the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL
700.1104.
(r) "Governing instrument" means a will, a trust, an
instrument creating a power of attorney, or other dispositive or
nominative instrument.
(s) "Information" means data, text, images, videos, sounds,
codes, computer programs, software, databases, or the like.
(t) "Interested person" or "person interested in an estate"
means those terms as defined in section 1105 of the estates and
protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.1105.
(u) "Legally incapacitated individual" means that term as
defined in section 1105 of the estates and protected individuals
code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.1105.
(v) "Letters" means that term as described in section 1105 of
the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL
700.1105.
(w) "Minor" means that term as defined in section 1106 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.1106.
(x) "Online tool" means an electronic service provided by a
digital custodian that allows the user, in an agreement distinct
from the terms-of-service agreement between the digital custodian
and user, to provide directions for disclosure or nondisclosure of
digital assets to a third person.
(y) "Person" means that term as defined in section 1106 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.1106.
(z) "Personal representative" means that term as defined in
section 1106 of the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA
386, MCL 700.1106. Personal representative also includes a special
fiduciary appointed to take possession of and administer the
property of a decedent's estate.
(aa) "Power of attorney" means a record that grants an agent
authority to act in the place of a principal.
(bb) "Principal" means a person that grants authority to an
agent in a power of attorney.
(cc) "Proceeding" means that term as defined in section 1106
of the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL
700.1106.
(dd) "Protected individual" means that term as defined in
section 1106 of the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA
386, MCL 700.1106.
(ee) "Protected person" includes any of the following:
(i) A protected individual.
(ii) A legally incapacitated individual.
(iii) A minor for whom a guardian has been appointed but no
conservator has been appointed.
(iv) An individual who has a developmental disability.
(ff) "Record" means information that is inscribed on a
tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium
and is retrievable in perceivable form.
(gg) "Remote-computing service" means a digital custodian that
provides to a user computer processing services or the storage of
digital assets by means of an electronic communications system.
(hh) "Settlor" means that term as defined in section 7103 of
the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL
700.7103.
(ii) "Special fiduciary" means a special fiduciary appointed
by the court under sections 1308, 1309, 7704, 7815, and 7901 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.1308,
700.1309, 700.7704, 700.7815, and 700.7901.
(jj) "Terms-of-service agreement" means an agreement that
controls the relationship between a user and a digital custodian.
(kk) "Trust" means that term as defined in section 1107 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.1107.
(ll) "Trustee" means that term as defined in section 1107 of
the estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL
700.1107. Trustee also includes a special fiduciary that controls
all or part of a trust.
(mm) "User" means a person that has an account with a digital
custodian.
(nn) "Will" means that term as defined in section 1108 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.1108.
Sec. 3. (1) Subject to subsections (2), (3), and (4), this act
applies to all of the following:
(a) A fiduciary acting under a will or power of attorney
executed before, on, or after the effective date of this act.
(b) A personal representative acting for a decedent who died
before, on, or after the effective date of this act.
(c) A proceeding involving a conservator commenced before, on,
or after the effective date of this act.
(d) A trustee acting under a trust created before, on, or
after the effective date of this act.
(2) This act applies to a digital custodian if the user
resides in this state or resided in this state at the time of the
user's death.
(3) This act does not impair an accrued right or an action
taken in a proceeding before the effective date of this act.
(4) This act does not apply to a digital asset of an employer
used by an employee in the ordinary course of business.
Sec. 4. (1) A user may use an online tool to direct the
digital custodian to disclose or not to disclose some or all of the
user's digital assets, including the contents of electronic
communications. If the online tool allows the user to modify or
delete a direction at all times, a direction regarding disclosure
using an online tool overrides a contrary direction by the user in
a will, trust, power of attorney, or other record.
(2) If a user has not used an online tool to give direction
under subsection (1) or if the digital custodian has not provided
an online tool, the user may allow or prohibit in a will, trust,
power of attorney, or other record disclosure of some or all of the
user's digital assets, including the contents of electronic
communications sent or received by the user.
(3) A user's direction under subsection (1) or (2) overrides a
contrary provision in a terms-of-service agreement that does not
require the user to act affirmatively and distinctly from the
user's assent to the terms-of-service agreement.
Sec. 5. (1) This act does not change or impair a right of a
digital custodian or a user under a terms-of-service agreement to
access and use digital assets of the user.
(2) This act does not give a fiduciary any new or expanded
rights other than those held by the user for whom, or for whose
estate, the fiduciary acts or who the fiduciary represents.
(3) A fiduciary's access to digital assets may be modified or
eliminated by a user, by federal law, or by a terms-of-service
agreement if the user has not provided direction under section 4.
Sec. 6. (1) When disclosing the digital assets of a user under
this act, the digital custodian may at its sole discretion do any
of the following:
(a) Grant a fiduciary or designated recipient full access to
the user's account.
(b) Grant a fiduciary or designated recipient partial access
to the user's account sufficient to perform the tasks with which
the fiduciary or designated recipient is charged.
(c) Provide a fiduciary or designated recipient a copy in a
record of any digital asset that, on the date the digital custodian
received the request for disclosure, the user could have accessed
if the user were alive and had full capacity and access to the
account.
(2) A digital custodian may assess a reasonable administrative
charge for the cost of disclosing digital assets under this act.
(3) A digital custodian is not required to disclose under this
act a digital asset deleted by a user.
(4) If a user directs or a fiduciary requests a digital
custodian to disclose under this act some, but not all, of the
user's digital assets, the digital custodian is not required to
disclose the requested digital assets if segregation of the
requested digital assets would impose an undue burden on the
digital custodian. If the digital custodian believes the direction
or request imposes an undue burden, the digital custodian or
fiduciary may seek an order from the court to disclose any of the
following:
(a) A subset limited by date of the user's digital assets.
(b) All of the user's digital assets to the fiduciary or
designated recipient.
(c) None of the user's digital assets.
(d) All of the user's digital assets to the court for review
in camera.
Sec. 7. If a deceased user consented to or a court directs
disclosure of the contents of electronic communications of the
user, a digital custodian shall disclose to the personal
representative of the user the content of an electronic
communication sent or received by the user if the personal
representative gives the digital custodian all of the following:
(a) A written request for disclosure in physical or electronic
form.
(b) A copy of the death certificate of the user.
(c) A certified copy of the letters of authority of the
personal representative, a small-estate affidavit, or other court
order.
(d) Unless the user provided direction using an online tool, a
copy of the user's will, trust, power of attorney, or other record
evidencing the user's consent to disclosure of the contents of
electronic communications.
(e) If requested by the digital custodian, any of the
following:
(i) A number, username, address, or other unique subscriber or
account identifier assigned by the digital custodian to identify
the user's account.
(ii) Evidence linking the account to the user.
(iii) A finding by the court that:
(A) The user had a specific account with the digital
custodian, identifiable by the information specified in
subparagraph (i).
(B) Disclosure of the content of electronic communications of
the user would not violate 18 USC 2701 to 2707, 47 USC 222, or
other applicable law.
(C) Unless the user provided direction using an online tool,
the user consented to disclosure of the contents of electronic
communications.
(D) Disclosure of the contents of electronic communications of
the user is reasonably necessary for administration of the estate.
Sec. 8. Unless the user prohibited disclosure of digital
assets or the court directs otherwise, a digital custodian shall
disclose to the personal representative of the estate of a deceased
user a catalogue of electronic communications sent or received by
the user and digital assets, other than the content of electronic
communications, of the user if the personal representative gives
the digital custodian all of the following:
(a) A written request for disclosure in physical or electronic
form.
(b) A copy of the death certificate of the user.
(c) A certified copy of the letters of authority of the
personal representative, a small-estate affidavit, or a court
order.
(d) If requested by the digital custodian, any of the
following:
(i) A number, username, address, or other unique subscriber or
account identifier assigned by the digital custodian to identify
the user's account.
(ii) Evidence linking the account to the user.
(iii) An affidavit stating that disclosure of the user's
digital assets is reasonably necessary for administration of the
estate.
(iv) A finding of the court that:
(A) The user had a specific account with the digital
custodian, identifiable by the information specified in
subparagraph (i).
(B) Disclosure of the contents of electronic communications of
a user is reasonably necessary for administration of the estate.
Sec. 9. To the extent a power of attorney grants an agent
authority over the content of electronic communications sent or
received by the principal and unless directed otherwise by the
principal or the court, a digital custodian shall disclose to the
agent the content of electronic communication if the agent gives
the digital custodian all of the following:
(a) A written request for disclosure in physical or electronic
form.
(b) An original or copy of the power of attorney granting the
agent the authority over the content of electronic communications
of the principal.
(c) An affidavit from the agent under section 5505 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.5505.
(d) If requested by the digital custodian, any of the
following:
(i) A number, username, address, or other unique subscriber or
account identifier assigned by the digital custodian to identify
the principal's account.
(ii) Evidence linking the account to the principal.
Sec. 10. Unless otherwise ordered by the court, directed by
the principal, or provided by a power of attorney, a digital
custodian shall disclose to an agent with specific authority over
digital assets or general authority to act on behalf of a principal
a catalogue of electronic communications sent or received by the
principal and any digital assets, other than the content of
electronic communications, of the principal if the agent gives to
the digital custodian all of the following:
(a) A written request for disclosure in physical or electronic
form.
(b) An original or a copy of the power of attorney that gives
the agent authority over digital assets or general authority to act
on behalf of the principal.
(c) An affidavit from the agent under section 5505 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.5505.
(d) If requested by the digital custodian, any of the
following:
(i) A number, username, address, or other unique subscriber or
account identifier assigned by the digital custodian to identify
the principal's account.
(ii) Evidence linking the account to the principal.
Sec. 11. Unless otherwise ordered by the court or provided in
a trust, a digital custodian shall disclose to the trustee that is
an original user of an account any digital assets of the account
held in trust, including a catalogue of electronic communications
of the trustee and the content of electronic communications.
Sec. 12. Unless otherwise ordered by the court, directed by
the user, or provided in a trust, a digital custodian shall
disclose to a trustee that is not an original user of an account
the content of an electronic communication sent or received by an
original or successor user and carried, maintained, processed,
received, or stored by the digital custodian in the account of the
trust if the trustee gives to the digital custodian all of the
following:
(a) A written request for disclosure in physical or electronic
form.
(b) A certificate of the trust under section 7913 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.7913,
that includes consent to disclosure of the contents of electronic
communications to the trustee.
(c) A certification of the trustee, under penalty of perjury,
that the trust exists and that the trustee is a currently acting
trustee of the trust.
(d) If requested by the digital custodian, any of the
following:
(i) A number, username, address, or other unique subscriber or
account identifier assigned by the digital custodian to identify
the trust's account.
(ii) Evidence linking the account to the trust.
Sec. 13. Unless otherwise ordered by the court, directed by
the user, or provided in a trust, a digital custodian shall
disclose to a trustee that is not an original user of an account a
catalogue of electronic communications sent or received by an
original or successor user and stored, carried, or maintained by
the digital custodian in the account of the trust and any digital
assets, other than the content of electronic communications, in
which the trust has a right or interest if the trustee gives the
digital custodian all of the following:
(a) A written request for disclosure in physical or electronic
form.
(b) A certificate of the trust under section 7913 of the
estates and protected individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.7913.
(c) A certification of the trustee, under penalty of perjury,
that the trust exists and that the trustee is a currently acting
trustee of the trust.
(d) If requested by the digital custodian, all of the
following:
(i) A number, username, address, or other unique subscriber or
account identifier assigned by the digital custodian to identify
the trust's account.
(ii) Evidence linking the account to the trust.
Sec. 14. (1) After an opportunity for a hearing, the court may
grant a conservator access to the digital assets of a protected
person.
(2) Unless otherwise ordered by the court or directed by the
user, a digital custodian shall disclose to a conservator the
catalogue of electronic communications sent or received by the
protected person and any digital asset, other than the content of
electronic communications, in which the protected person has a
right or interest if the conservator gives the digital custodian
all of the following:
(a) A written request for disclosure in physical or electronic
form.
(b) A certified copy of the court order that gives the
conservator authority over the digital assets of the protected
person.
(c) If requested by the digital custodian, any of the
following:
(i) A number, username, address, or other unique subscriber or
account identifier assigned by the digital custodian to identify
the account of the protected person.
(ii) Evidence linking the account to the protected person.
(3) A conservator may request a digital custodian of digital
assets of a protected person to suspend or terminate an account of
the protected person for good cause. A request made under this
subsection must be accompanied by a certified copy of the
conservator's letters of authority or other order appointing the
conservator.
Sec. 15. (1) The legal duties imposed on a fiduciary charged
with managing tangible personal property apply to the management of
digital assets, including all of the following:
(a) The duty of care.
(b) The duty of loyalty.
(c) The duty of confidentiality.
(2) All of the following apply to a fiduciary's authority with
respect to a digital asset of a user:
(a) Except as otherwise provided in section 4, it is subject
to the applicable terms-of-service agreement.
(b) It is subject to other applicable laws, including
copyright law.
(c) It is limited to the scope of the fiduciary's duties.
(d) It may not be used to impersonate the user.
(3) A fiduciary with authority over the property of a
decedent, protected person, principal, or settlor has the right to
access any digital asset in which the decedent, protected person,
principal, or settlor had a right or interest and that is not held
by a digital custodian or subject to a terms-of-service agreement.
(4) A fiduciary acting within the scope of the fiduciary's
duties is an authorized user of the property of the decedent,
protected person, principal, or settlor for the purpose of
applicable computer fraud and unauthorized computer access laws,
including, but not limited to, all of the following:
(a) Section 5 of 1979 PA 53, MCL 752.795.
(b) Section 540 of the Michigan penal code, 1931 PA 328, MCL
750.540.
(c) Section 157n of the Michigan penal code, 1931 PA 328, MCL
750.157n, to the extent that the property is a financial
transaction device as that term is defined in section 157m of the
Michigan penal code, 1931 PA 328, MCL 750.157m.
(5) All of the following apply to a fiduciary with authority
over tangible personal property of a decedent, protected person,
principal, or settlor:
(a) The fiduciary has the right to access the property and any
digital asset stored in it.
(b) The fiduciary is an authorized user for the purposes of
computer fraud and unauthorized computer access laws, including,
but not limited to, all of the following:
(i) Section 5 of 1979 PA 53, MCL 752.795.
(ii) Section 540 of the Michigan penal code, 1931 PA 328, MCL
750.540.
(iii) Section 157n of the Michigan penal code, 1931 PA 328,
MCL 750.157n, to the extent that the tangible personal property is
a financial transaction device as that term is defined in section
157m of the Michigan penal code, 1931 PA 328, MCL 750.157m.
(6) A digital custodian may disclose information in an account
to a fiduciary of the user if the information is required to
terminate an account used to access digital assets licensed to the
user.
(7) A fiduciary of a user may request a digital custodian to
terminate the user's account. A request for termination must be in
writing, in either physical or electronic form, and accompanied by
all of the following:
(a) If the user is deceased, a copy of the death certificate
of the user.
(b) A certified copy of the letters of authority of the
personal representative, small-estate affidavit, or court order,
power of attorney, or trust giving the fiduciary authority over the
account.
(c) If requested by the digital custodian, any of the
following:
(i) A number, username, address, or other unique subscriber or
account identifier assigned by the digital custodian to identify
the user's account.
(ii) Evidence linking the account to the user.
(iii) A finding of the court that the user had a specific
account with the digital custodian, identifiable by the information
specified in subparagraph (i).
Sec. 16. (1) Not later than 56 days after receipt of the
information required under sections 7 to 14, a digital custodian
shall comply with a request under this act from a fiduciary or
designated recipient to disclose digital assets or terminate an
account. If the digital custodian fails to comply, the fiduciary or
designated recipient may petition or otherwise apply to the court
for an order directing compliance.
(2) An order under subsection (1) directing compliance must
contain a finding that compliance is not in violation of 18 USC
2702.
(3) A digital custodian that receives a certificate of trust
under section 12 or 13 may require the trustee to provide copies of
excerpts from the original trust instrument and later amendments
that designate the trustee and, if the trustee is requesting
content of electronic communications, that includes consent to
disclosure of the contents of electronic communications to the
trustee.
(4) A digital custodian or other person that demands the trust
instrument in addition to a certificate of trust under section 12
or 13 or demands excerpts under subsection (3) is liable for
damages to the same extent the digital custodian or other person
would be liable under section 7913 of the estates and protected
individuals code, 1998 PA 386, MCL 700.7913.
(5) This act does not limit the right of a person to obtain a
copy of a trust instrument in a judicial proceeding concerning the
trust.
(6) A digital custodian may notify the user that a request for
disclosure or to terminate an account was made under this act.
(7) A digital custodian may deny a request under this act from
a fiduciary or designated recipient for disclosure or to terminate
an account if the digital custodian is aware of any lawful access
to the account following the receipt of the request.
(8) This act does not limit the digital custodian's ability to
obtain or to require a fiduciary or designated recipient requesting
disclosure or termination of an account under this act to obtain a
court order that does any of the following:
(a) Specifies that an account belongs to the protected person
or principal.
(b) Specifies that there is sufficient consent from the
protected person or principal to support the requested disclosure.
(c) Contains a finding required by law other than this act.
(9) A digital custodian and its officers, employees, and
agents are immune from liability for an action done in good faith
in compliance with this act.
Sec. 17. Notwithstanding section 7 or 8, an interested person
may file a petition in the court for an order to limit, eliminate,
or modify the personal representative's powers with respect to the
decedent's digital assets. On receipt of a petition under this
section, the court shall set a date for a hearing on the petition.
The hearing date must not be less than 14 days or more than 56 days
after the date the petition is filed, except for good cause.
Sec. 18. This act modifies, limits, or supersedes the
electronic signatures in the global and national commerce act, 15
USC 7001 to 7006, but does not modify, limit, or supersede 15 USC
7001(c) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices
described in 15 USC 7003(b).